PROGRAMMA PRIN 2022 - BCALL PRIN2022 D.D. N.104 DEL 2 FEBRUARY 2022

PROJECT TITLE: HORUS – Holistic On-demand Remote Unmanned Sensing

CUP CODE: D53D23003880006

Budget: € 74.489,60

U.R. Coordinator: Striccoli Domenico

Other Research Units or any Sub-Units: Politecnico di Milano, University of Trento

The project HORUS – Holistic On-demand Remote Unmanned Sensing it is intended to redefine the paradigm of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) for strategic civil infrastructures, introducing a holistic, modular, and on-demand system based on drone swarms and advanced communication and artificial intelligence technologies. The objective is to overcome the limitations of traditional monitoring systems, based on permanent sensors installed on a limited number of structures, evolving toward a scalable and adaptive platform capable of operating in real time on different infrastructures, even in critical environmental conditions or after extreme events. HORUS focuses on the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, 5G/6G communications, cooperative transmission among drones, machine learning algorithms for automatic data analysis, and dynamically updated digital twins. The long-term objective is the massive acquisition of data through sensors carried by drones, their secure and low-latency transmission, and intelligent processing aimed at the automatic detection of damage, real-time assessment of structural reliability, and decision support for the optimal management of infrastructures. In this scenario, HORUS aims to increase the resilience, safety, and economic sustainability of infrastructure management, reducing the costs and time of traditional inspections and improving response capacity in emergency situations.

The results achieved within the HORUS project concerned, in a first phase, the study of recent literature on the Internet of Drones, with particular reference to communication technologies for the exchange of information between drones and ground stations, with particular reference to the standards adopted for drone interoperability, including communication protocols, flight procedures in controlled airspace, and resource management in terms of energy consumption and bandwidth. 

In a second phase, a communication framework was implemented for remote monitoring of the structural condition of bridges by means of drones, with particular reference to the bandwidth resources used in the transmission of compressed video over 5G and beyond cellular networks (5G-and-Beyond, 5GB). In this context, an experimental testbed was implemented in which moving drones capture and send compressed video footage using the H.264 and H.265 standards, measuring the bandwidth required to complete the transmission without losses. The results achieved during experiments conducted on the transmission of one minute of real-time video at a resolution of 1280x720 pixels per frame and different frame-rate values (from 15 to 60 frames per second), and using both the H.264 and H.265 compression standards, made it possible to quantify the average bandwidth in the range of 20-30 Mbit/s, rates that can be supported without bandwidth issues only by the latest-generation 5G networks.

PROGRAMMA PRIN 2022 - BCALL PRIN2022 D.D. N.104 DEL 2 FEBRUARY 2022

PROJECT TITLE: Diffuser augmented Wind Turbines for URBban environments (DWTURB)

CUP CODE: D53D23003300006

Budget: € 129.385

VAT No.: Prof.ssa Stefania Cherubini

Other Research Units or any Sub-Units: University of Naples Federico II

Description of the project 

The project DWTURB has aimed at developing an accurate numerical modeling of Diffuser Augmented Wind Turbines (DAWTs), which consist of a wind turbine rotor installed inside an annular wing. The benefit of these turbines relies on the possibility of extracting more power from the wind compared to an Open Wind Turbine (OWT) with the same frontal area, due to the extra mass flow that a DAWT can swallow thanks to the fruitful synergy between duct and rotor. This allows a considerable energy production even at low cut-in wind speeds, and lowers the noise. The performance of DAWTs is generally analysed using theoretical or numerical approaches modeling the rotor as an actuator disk (AD), which renders the simulations computationally cheap, but does not account for the presence of a finite number of blades and for the boundary layer separation that may occur on the diffuser area. 

Aim of the project 

The present project has aimed at carrying out Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Simulations (RANS) and Large Eddy Simulations (LES) for ensuring an accurate modeling and estimate of the performances of these turbines.

Expected outcomes

The activity went beyond the mere selection of a previously adopted DAWT configuration and were expected to evolve into a structured aerodynamic design that overcomes the classical uncoupled approach commonly adopted in the literature, where the rotor and the diffuser are designed separately. Starting from a reference geometry, a systematic CFD-based design strategy was expected to be developed to investigate the coupled interaction between rotor and diffuser and to identify the key geometric and operational parameters governing power extraction enhancement.

Achieved Results

Successivamente sono state eseguite simulazioni RANS tridimensionali per fornire una comprensione dettagliata del campo di moto, della distribuzione della pressione e dei meccanismi di interazione rotore-condotto. Particolare attenzione è stata dedicata a garantire la robustezza del quadro numerico, ulteriormente supportata da attività di validazione svolte su un’ulteriore configurazione di turbina eolica per la quale erano disponibili dati sperimentali. Sono quindi state eseguite simulazioni Large Eddy, al fine di confrontare le prestazioni aerodinamiche e le caratteristiche del flusso della turbina canalizzata considerata e di una turbina eolica convenzionale a cielo aperto. Sono stati valutati gli effetti operativi sulle prestazioni del maximum power point tracking a carico parziale e l’impatto delle variazioni geometriche del diffusore, in particolare nella sezione divergente a valle del rotore, sulla dinamica della scia e sulla potenza prodotta. Come dimostrato dalle simulazioni, l’implementazione di un diffusore ha mostrato di migliorare il flusso inghiottito dal rotore. Ciò, a sua volta, ha determinato un aumento della generazione di potenza rispetto a una configurazione aperta. Con l’obiettivo di sviluppare Reduced-Order Models (ROM) dinamicamente accurati di un flusso così complesso, i campi di flusso ottenuti mediante Large Eddy Simulations sono stati quindi utilizzati come database per decomposizioni modali. Su questi campi di flusso tridimensionali, viene applicata la Dynamic Mode Decompositon, consentendo una ricostruzione economica del flusso in grado di stimare le prestazioni e l’impatto delle turbine eoliche sull’ambiente con accuratezza accettabile e basso costo computazionale. Ulteriori sforzi sono stati dedicati allo sviluppo di strumenti di modellazione computazionalmente efficienti, capaci di preservare la fisica essenziale dell’interazione rotore-diffusore. Il quadro proposto integra in modo coerente il carico aerodinamico locale e la risposta globale del flusso in un contesto computazionale ridotto, preservando i principali meccanismi di interazione responsabili del miglioramento delle prestazioni. Questo approccio ha consentito lo sviluppo di uno strumento predittivo fisicamente fondato ed efficiente per l’analisi delle prestazioni delle DAWT, in linea con l’obiettivo complessivo di fornire metodologie affidabili per la progettazione e l’ottimizzazione con un costo computazionale notevolmente ridotto.

TITLE: Plant proteins
CUP CODE: B95B21005820001
Budget: € 1.350.000,00
P.I.: Prof. Vito Gallo
Bando: Supply Chain Contracts - 5th Call - Ministry of Agriculture, Food Sovereignty and Forestry
Other Research Partners: Andriani S.p.A., Terre Bradaniche S.r.l., Apuliakundi S.r.l.

Brief project description:

The “Plant Proteins” project is part of the Supply Chain Contract dedicated to enhancing the legume and plant protein supply chain. The Polytechnic University of Bari contributes as a research organization, with activities aimed at introducing digital technologies, decision support systems, sensors, IoT/IoE, artificial intelligence, analytical traceability, and tools for environmental sustainability. The project integrates agricultural, industrial, and scientific expertise to improve the quality, competitiveness, sustainability, and traceability of plant protein-based products.

The “Plant Proteins” Supply Chain Program is aimed at creating an innovative model of a sustainable, competitive, and replicable agri-food supply chain, capable of enhancing the productive, territorial, technological, and organizational specificities of the entities involved. The project is based on close collaboration among agricultural businesses, agri-food processing companies, research institutions, and technology partners, with the aim of promoting an integrated system capable of generating value לאורך the entire production chain.

A central element of the Program is the adoption of the generative agriculture, promoted by Andriani S.p.A. and operationally developed by Terre Bradaniche S.r.l., which aims not only at conservation, but at the regeneration of agricultural ecosystems through the improvement of soil fertility, the protection of biodiversity, and the enhancement of sustainable agricultural production. In this context, research and field experimentation activities aimed at developing innovative, transferable, and replicable agronomic protocols in different production contexts are of particular importance.

A strategic role is played by the digital platform for supply chain monitoring and management (“Control Room”), which integrates DSS (Decision Support System) systems, advanced sensors, and data collection and analysis tools, enabling continuous monitoring of crops and the optimization of agronomic interventions. This infrastructure promotes more efficient use of resources, reducing environmental impacts and improving the sustainability of production.

The Program also enhances the role of leguminous crops within the crop rotations typical of the Apulian and Lucanian territories. The introduction of legumes in fact contributes to improving soil fertility, naturally fixing atmospheric nitrogen, and reducing the use of chemical fertilizers, with consequent environmental and agronomic benefits.

Thanks to this integrated approach, the Program is able to strengthen the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises, ensure high standards of quality and traceability of production, promote technological innovation, and foster territorial cohesion. Further qualifying elements are represented by the enhancement of local varieties, the creation of a supply chain brand, and the adoption of voluntary certification systems aimed at guaranteeing the quality, origin, and sustainability of production.

In summary, the “Plant Proteins” Supply Chain represents an advanced model of agri-industrial integration that combines innovation, environmental sustainability, applied research, and territorial development, laying the foundations for a new generation of agri-food supply chains oriented toward the challenges of national and international markets.

Purpose:
The initiative aims to strengthen the plant protein supply chain through three main directions:

- precision agriculture and enabling 4.0 technologies;

- environmental sustainability of production;

- traceability and enhancement of local characteristics through systems equipped with artificial intelligence.

The activities aim to automate the collection and exchange of data between the field, digital systems and DSS platforms, reduce environmental impact, optimize production inputs, improve food safety and increase the commercial and nutritional value of the products.

Expected results:
Reports and protocols are expected for assessing the degree of innovation of companies, the establishment of experimental fields and monitoring systems, the creation of an IoT/IoE platform, the definition of quality control and analytical traceability protocols, the development of DSS based on machine learning for production, environmental performance and traceability, as well as reports on Carbon Footprint, Water Footprint and other environmental indicators. The enhancement of the results through patents, scientific publications, outreach activities and possible certification pathways is also envisaged, with attention to ISO 14001 and ISO 22005.

ROBOFLUID - Robotic Fluids for artificial muscles, wearable cooling, and active textiles

Fluid circulation is a vital process used by both living organisms and machines for numerous functions, including efficient nutrient transport, temperature regulation and mechanical actuation. Despite its potential, the complexity of the mechanisms required for its use has historically hindered its widespread adoption. The ERC-funded ROBOFLUID project seeks to overcome these challenges by integrating fluid capabilities with electrical control technologies, aiming to propel robots and wearable technologies to new levels of advancement. The project will leverage solid-state pumps and electric fields to streamline the equipment necessary for fluid circulation. ROBOFLUID aims to develop technologies that benefit from the advancements in fluid circulation, paving the way for innovative applications in various fields.

• Bando: ERC Starting Grant 2023

• Grant Agreement: 101116856

• Politecnico role: Host Institution 

• Scientific coordinator at Politecnico: Prof. Vito Cacucciolo – DMMM

• Amount: 1.5 million   

• SSD: ING-IND/13

• Website: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/101116856

PRIN 2022 CALL. DECREE NO. 104 OF 2 FEBRUARY 2022

TITOLO DEL PROGETTO: Development of new fuel systems for future clean airliners fuelled with Hydrogen (DNFSFCAFH)

MUR CODE: 20229MWABH
CUP CODE: D53D23003260006
Budget: € 100.309
P.I.: Prof. Elia Distaso - Polytechnic University of Bari
OTHER RESEARCH UNITS OR ANY SUB-UNITS
• UR2 - University of Sannio, Benevento
• UR3 - University of Naples Federico II

Brief project description
The DNFSFCAFH project addresses one of the main technological challenges for the decarbonization of air transport: the definition of the architecture and the preliminary design of fuel supply systems for future intra-continental aircraft powered by liquid hydrogen (LH2).
The activities covered the entire fuel system design chain: state-of-the-art analysis, definition and simulation of innovative architectures through numerical models, optimization of configurations, preliminary design of cryogenic tanks, heat exchangers, pumps, piping and safety systems, development of solutions for flow regulation through metering valves, and design of auxiliary storage, venting and ventilation systems.

Purpose
Liquid hydrogen has high potential to reduce emissions in the aeronautics sector: for the same energy content, it requires a significantly lower fuel mass than conventional fuels and, if produced from renewable sources, enables combustion without direct CO2 emissions and with negligible particulate emissions. However, its use requires a complete redesign of the onboard fuel system, since hydrogen must be stored under cryogenic conditions, vaporized, superheated, metered and injected into the combustion chamber under controlled conditions.
The overall aim of the project is to contribute to the development of technological solutions for hydrogen-powered aircraft, in line with European emission-reduction objectives and with the research trajectories of Clean Aviation and Flightpath 2050. In particular, the project aims to provide a scientific and design basis for reliable, efficient liquid-hydrogen fuel systems that can be integrated into future commercial aircraft.

Expected results
•    Updated and systematic overview of the state of the art on LH2 fuel systems for aircraft;
•    Definition of one or more technically feasible architectures for the LH2 fuel system, including storage, supply, heat exchange, metering and safety;
•    Development of numerical models in the Simulink/Simscape and Amesim environments, useful for simulating system behavior under different operating conditions;
•    Optimization of system configurations and main components, with identification of an optimized configuration as a design milestone;
•    Preliminary design of critical components, including cryogenic tanks, heat exchangers, pumps, piping, safety systems, metering valves and auxiliary storage and venting systems;
•    Production of technical deliverables and indexed scientific publications, with a minimum target of three Scopus publications.

Achieved results 
The project was successfully completed within the planned timeframe. All seven Work Packages were carried out and the scientific and technological objectives were achieved. The activities produced an organic knowledge base on the four macro-areas of liquid-hydrogen aircraft fuel system design: storage, distribution, thermal management and metering.

The main results include:

• Completion of a comprehensive literature review on LH2 fuel systems for aircraft, with analysis of storage, delivery, thermal management, metering and safety systems;

• Proposal and modelling of an innovative LH2 fuel system architecture, validated through numerical models and comparison between simulation environments;

• Development of parametric Simulink/Simscape and Amesim models and application of a MOGA-II optimization procedure to identify optimized configurations;

• Preliminary design of the main LH2 components, including heat exchangers, cryogenic tanks, pumps, piping, and safety systems;

• Development and simulation of a new dosing valve solution for gaseous hydrogen based on piezoelectric actuation;

• Definition and simulation of intermediate storage, discharge, and venting systems;

• Publication of six Scopus-indexed scientific papers, exceeding the minimum target of three publications;

• Strengthening of national and international scientific collaborations, including with the University of Bath and Moog Controls Ltd, with positive effects on the project’s visibility within the international hydrogen aviation research community.

The activities were carried out in compliance with the Do No Significant Harm (DNSH) principle and Open Access principles. The nature of the activities was predominantly computational and numerical, with no physical experimentation or significant direct environmental impacts. The publications were made available through publishing venues or conference proceedings with open access options.

PRIN 2022 CALL. DECREE NO. 104 OF 2 FEBRUARY 2022

PROJECT TITLE: RaDAMES: RAdiation DAMagE in Structural Materials of Fusion Reactors under Neutron Irradiation: Cross-Section Measurements, Possible Mitigation Strategies and Material Testing Protocols

CUP CODE B53D23005050006

Budget: € 65,098

P.I. or U.R. Coordinator Prof. Giuseppe Demelio

Other Research Units or any Sub-Units Dr. Nicola Colonna (INFN), Dr. Annamaria Mazzone (CNR)

Brief project description
Il progetto ha affrontato lo studio dei danni indotti dai neutroni nei materiali strutturali destinati all’impiego nei futuri reattori a fusione. Il suo obiettivo principale era la produzione di gas derivante da reazioni di emissione di particelle cariche indotte dai neutroni, che può influire in modo significativo sul comportamento a lungo termine e sull’affidabilità dei materiali esposti a campi neutronici rilevanti per la fusione. Per affrontare questa समस्या, il progetto ha combinato approcci sperimentali, computazionali e diagnostici complementari. Le attività sperimentali sono state dedicate principalmente a valutare la fattibilità della misura di sezioni d’urto di reazione dipendenti dall’energia presso la facility CERN n_TOF. Allo stesso tempo, simulazioni Monte Carlo e di dinamica molecolare sono state utilizzate per studiare le interazioni neutrone-materiale e i meccanismi di danno da radiazione a diverse scale. Particolare attenzione è stata dedicata al tungsteno, materiale chiave per le applicazioni di fusione, e alla formazione di difetti quali vacanze, interstiziali, anelli di dislocazione e danni correlati all’elio. In parallelo, tecniche termiche non distruttive sono state esplorate come possibili strumenti per rilevare le modifiche indotte dall’irraggiamento nelle proprietà dei materiali. Il progetto è stato realizzato da INFN, CNR e Politecnico di Bari, ciascuno dei quali ha contribuito con competenze specifiche al raggiungimento degli obiettivi scientifici complessivi.

Purpose
L'obiettivo principale del progetto era migliorare la comprensione e la valutazione dei danni da neutroni nei materiali utilizzati negli ambienti dei reattori a fusione. Un primo obiettivo era verificare se le reazioni di emissione di particelle cariche indotte da neutroni potessero essere misurate con precisione presso la struttura n_TOF, con particolare riferimento alle reazioni rilevanti per la produzione di gas, la riproduzione del trizio e il degrado dei materiali. Un secondo obiettivo era valutare la capacità predittiva delle simulazioni di dinamica molecolare nel descrivere i danni da radiazione su scala atomica. Queste simulazioni avevano lo scopo di fornire informazioni sulla formazione, l'evoluzione e la stabilità dei difetti indotti dall'irraggiamento nel tungsteno. Un ulteriore obiettivo era indagare in che modo tali difetti influenzino le proprietà termiche e meccaniche, fondamentali per il funzionamento sicuro dei componenti di fusione. Il progetto mirava inoltre a esplorare metodi diagnostici non distruttivi, in particolare la termografia stimolata e le tecniche laser pulsate, come possibili strumenti per rilevare i danni senza compromettere il materiale. Nel complesso, lo scopo finale era integrare misurazioni sperimentali, modellazione numerica e metodi di caratterizzazione dei materiali al fine di supportare lo sviluppo di materiali più sicuri e affidabili per le future tecnologie di fusione.

Expected results
Il progetto doveva fornire una dimostrazione concreta della fattibilità della misurazione di reazioni con particelle cariche indotte da neutroni presso CERN n_TOF. Ciò includeva la progettazione, costruzione e validazione di un nuovo sistema di rivelazione in grado di identificare particelle cariche leggere emesse durante reazioni indotte da neutroni. Si prevedeva che simulazioni Monte Carlo supportassero il lavoro sperimentale stimando l’efficienza del rivelatore, i tassi di conteggio attesi e il fondo indotto dal fascio di neutroni. Il progetto mirava inoltre a preparare il terreno per future misure su isotopi di specifico interesse per le applicazioni di fusione, inclusi materiali rilevanti per la produzione di trizio e il danno da neutroni nei blanket dei reattori. Sul versante della modellazione, si prevedeva che simulazioni di dinamica molecolare chiarissero i meccanismi attraverso i quali l’irradiazione neutronica produce difetti nel tungsteno e ne modifica le proprietà termofisiche. Questi risultati erano destinati ad aiutare a collegare i processi di danno atomistico con il degrado macroscopico dei materiali. Inoltre, il progetto doveva valutare il potenziale di tecniche termiche non distruttive per identificare i danni indotti dall’irradiazione. Più in generale, il risultato atteso era un insieme di strumenti sperimentali e computazionali utili per studi futuri sui materiali strutturali per i reattori a fusione, insieme a pubblicazioni scientifiche e alla diffusione dei risultati in accesso aperto.

Achieved results 
The project achieved significant results in all the main planned areas. An innovative solid-state detection system was developed, tested, and validated under neutron-beam conditions at the n_TOF facility. The apparatus proved capable of detecting and identifying light charged particles such as protons, deuterons, tritons, and alpha particles, with promising performance for future cross-section measurements. Validation measurements were performed using carbon reactions, and preliminary results confirmed the feasibility of the proposed experimental approach. GEANT4-based Monte Carlo simulations were successfully used to optimize the setup, estimate efficiencies, evaluate background, and plan future measurements. A proposal for measurements on lithium and beryllium isotopes, both relevant to fusion applications, was submitted and approved at CERN. In parallel, molecular dynamics simulations were successfully applied to tungsten in order to study radiation-induced defects and their effects on thermal transport. The simulations showed that defects such as helium-filled bubbles, vacancies, and dislocation loops can significantly reduce lattice thermal conductivity. The project also assessed non-destructive thermal methods, including pulsed laser approaches, as promising tools for evaluating irradiation-induced degradation. Overall, the activities were completed consistently with the approved work plan and provided a strong basis for further experimental campaigns, modeling studies, and diagnostic developments.

PRIN 2022 CALL. DECREE NO. 104 OF 2 FEBRUARY 2022

PROJECT TITLE: “Quantum imaging for exoplanet detection” (QUEXO)

CUP CODE: D53D23002850006

Budget: € 94.396

P.I.: Prof. Cosmo Lupo

Other Research Units or any Sub-Units: Italian Space Agency (Matera)

Brief project description
Quantum technologies for image acquisition and processing promise to achieve a resolution superior to that allowed by classical optics. The objective of QUEXO is to test a new technology based on the decomposition of the electromagnetic field into transverse modes (Spatial mode demultiplexing - SPADE), in combination with single-photon detectors, to obtain precision measurements well beyond the classical diffraction limit. In a controlled environment, we will characterize measurement protocols and hypothesis tests for exoplanet detection [Huang, Lupo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 130502 (2021)]. Our vision is that this fundamental research will pave the way for new experimental methodologies and stimulate exoplanet research through direct imaging. We anticipate future advances in exoplanet detection well beyond the state of the art: in the photon-counting regime and for planets with lower mass and orbital radius, for example Earth-like planets and those in the habitable zone.

Purpose
Develop and test optical methodologies for high-precision measurements, to obtain experimental systems for observing space, and in particular exoplanets, with resolution below the diffraction limit.

Expected results
Theoretical modelling and experimental implementation, first on the optical table, and then with integration into the Cassegrain telescope at the Matera site of the Italian Space Agency. Demonstration of the experimental methodology to obtain high-precision measurements below the diffraction limit.

Achieved results 
QUEXO completed 4 optical-table experiments, demonstrating precision measurements of lengths, frequencies, and time intervals. In [Santamaria, Sgobba, Lupo, Optica Quantum 2, 46 (2024)] we demonstrated the use of SPADE and single-photon detectors for precision measurement of the distance between two incoherent point sources, as well as the measurement of their relative intensity. In [Santamaria, Sgobba, Pallotti, Lupo, Photonics Res. 13, 865 (2025)] we demonstrated the use of SPADE for spectroscopy with resolution below the diffraction limit. Our work anticipated the first high-resolution Doppler spectroscopy measurement of a stellar source [Kim et al., Astrophys. J. Lett. 993, L3 (2025).

We developed theoretical models to describe and interpret the experimental data, generalizing our approach to the problem of discriminating between incoherent sources, not necessarily point-like [Triggiani, Lupo, Quantum Sci. Technol. 11, 015028 (2026)], also with the aid of artificial intelligence [Buonaiuto, Lupo, Quantum Mach. Intell. 7, 28 (2025)]. 

QUEXO has published 10 articles in international peer-reviewed journals, presented its results at 7 conferences (5 talks and 2 posters), also delivered 5 invited talks, and organized 2 workshops in Bari.

PRIN 2022 CALL. DECREE NO. 104 OF 2 FEBRUARY 2022

PROJECT TITLE: Integrated Terrestrial/Space wireless networks for broadband connectivity and IoT services (INSPIRE)

CUP CODE: D53D23001150006

Budget: € 72.000

P.I.: Prof. Giuseppe Piro - Polytechnic University of Bari

Other Research Units or any Sub-Units: 
University of Parma (U.R. Coordinator: Prof. Amina Piemontese) 
University of Cassino and Southern Lazio (U.R. Coordinator: Prof. Stefano Buzzi)

Brief project description
The PRIN INSPIRE project aimed to study, design, and validate innovative solutions for integrated communication networks capable of enabling three-dimensional connectivity through cooperation between terrestrial infrastructures and non-terrestrial platforms, such as low-Earth-orbit satellites, high-altitude platforms, and unmanned aerial vehicles. The project addressed advanced application scenarios, including the extension of coverage in underserved or poorly served areas and support for large-scale IoT services, contributing to the development of future beyond-5G/6G networks. In this context, INSPIRE focused on the design and evaluation of network architectures capable of supporting high-capacity communications, massive access, and ubiquitous coverage, analyzing the synergistic interaction among different enabling technologies. These include beyond-5G waveforms robust to mobility, Doppler effect, phase noise, and nonlinearity, also with integrated sensing functionalities; infrastructures for tropospheric communications; advanced physical-layer techniques and beamforming for virtual and distributed massive MIMO systems; hierarchical orchestration mechanisms for virtualized functions and services based on software-defined paradigms; proactive algorithms for the optimal allocation of communication and computing resources, including network slicing approaches integrated across terrestrial and non-terrestrial segments; as well as performance evaluation and analysis of innovative architectural solutions for integrated terrestrial-non-terrestrial networks.

Purpose
The main objectives of the INSPIRE project are: to develop advanced solutions at the physical and system levels for integrated terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks; to design flexible and scalable network architectures to support heterogeneous services and highly dynamic scenarios; to define innovative techniques for the joint management of radio and computational resources; to develop orchestration mechanisms based on software-defined networking and virtualization paradigms; and to create simulation and validation tools for performance analysis in realistic scenarios.

Expected results
The U.R. of the Polytechnic University of Bari aimed to contribute to the development of innovative solutions for integrated terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks, with particular reference to telecommunications technologies serving as benchmarks for beyond-5G/6G, the development of intelligent algorithms for the joint management of radio and computational resources, the definition of software-defined orchestration mechanisms, and the implementation and extension of simulation tools and experimental platforms for the evaluation of integrated terrestrial and non-terrestrial architectures.

Achieved results 
The Research Unit of the Polytechnic University of Bari has achieved numerous and significant scientific results, fully aligned with the project objectives, thereby contributing to the development and validation of advanced solutions for integrated terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks. In particular, innovative physical-layer techniques for beyond-5G systems were designed and tested, including integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) solutions implemented on SDR platforms and analyses of security aspects related to radio fingerprinting. Intelligent algorithms were also developed for the joint management of communication and computing resources, based on artificial intelligence and digital twin technologies, and applied to heterogeneous and dynamic scenarios (for example UAV-assisted services and multimedia applications). The unit also contributed to the definition of software-defined orchestration frameworks for the efficient and sustainable management of network services and functions. Finally, simulation tools and experimental platforms were developed, including extensions of the 5G-air-simulator and testbeds for UAV communications, used to evaluate the developed solutions in realistic scenarios. The results obtained were discussed in scientific contributions published in journals of recognized international prestige and/or presented in proceedings of international public conferences. More information on the results obtained (including final deliverables and publication PDFs) is available on the INSPIRE project website https://telematics.poliba.it/prin-inspire/.

PRIN 2022 CALL. DECREE NO. 104 OF 2 FEBRUARY 2022

PROJECT TITLE: I CAN BE - Impact assessment of Cooperative and Automated vehicles on transportation Networks considering users’ Behaviours

CODICE CUP: F53D23001990006

Budget: € 66.600 

PoliBA Research Unit Lead: Mario Marinelli

Other Research Units: 
University of Naples (PI: Luigi Pariota) 
University of Salerno (Resp. UR: Roberta Di Pace)

Brief project description
The I CAN BE project analyzed and modeled user behavior in the presence of cooperative and automated driving (CAV) technologies, developing traffic control strategies that explicitly take into account the reactions of drivers and passengers. The approach combined disaggregate and aggregate simulation methodologies to assess the impact of CAV technologies on realistic transport networks, considering different technology penetration scenarios and varying levels of cooperation between vehicles and infrastructure.

Purpose
The main objective was to provide a methodological and operational framework for assessing the effects of CAV technologies, taking into account actual user behavior, in order to support the development of traffic management strategies, minimize negative impacts on the network, and contribute to the definition of guidelines for the sustainable deployment of cooperative and automated vehicles.

Expected results
Definition of an integrated framework for traffic simulation and optimization in the presence of CAV.

• Realistic modeling of driving behavior and travel choices in mixed scenarios.

• Assessment of the effectiveness of cooperative strategies (e.g. GLOSA, VSL, assisted merging) in reducing congestion, emissions, and risks.

• Support for the definition of tools for public decision-makers in the process of adopting CAV technologies.

Achieved results 
The POLIBA unit contributed to the development of an advanced simulation environment for real-time traffic management, called the virtual Traffic Management Center (vTMC), capable of representing in an integrated manner the interaction among cooperative automated vehicles, intelligent infrastructure, and human-driven vehicles. This framework made it possible to simulate realistic mixed-traffic scenarios, highlighting the impact of different cooperative control strategies. In particular, POLIBA analyzed the effectiveness of interventions such as lane drop, cooperative speed regulation (VSL), merging assistance, and traffic signal phase management. Through simulations conducted with microscopic traffic models, it was demonstrated that increasing CAV penetration reduces congestion, emissions, and conflict risks in a non-linear manner, and that infrastructure-based strategies must be adaptive during technological transition phases. In detail, a simulation and optimization model for merging on motorway ramps (e.g., the Naples ring road) under infrastructure constraints was developed, highlighting the synergy between infrastructure control strategies and cooperative behaviors enabled by CAVs. The unit also integrated an optimization approach based on robust indicators (e.g., cumulative average delay) to balance performance between mainline flows and entering vehicles, improving fairness and efficiency. Finally, it made a substantial contribution to the integration of models and results into a common multi-scale framework shared with the other project units, laying the groundwork for the development of guidelines applicable at the national level.

PRIN 2022 CALL. DECREE NO. 104 OF 2 FEBRUARY 2022

TITOLO DEL PROGETTO: HERMES - Hypersonic vehicles Enhancement via Robust Multi-fidelity optimization for the Exploitation of Space

CODICE CUP D53D23004350001

Budget: € 86.536

U.R. Coordinator Francesco Bonelli

Other Research Units: Polytechnic University of Milan

Brief project description
The project falls within the field of technologies for hypersonic flight and access to space, with particular reference to atmospheric re-entry of space vehicles, reusable launchers, and suborbital vehicles. Hypersonic flight is currently a sector of major scientific and industrial interest, as it involves applications related to research, space exploration, high-speed transport, and suborbital tourism. The design of these vehicles requires tools capable of describing complex physical phenomena, such as aerothermodynamic effects and thermochemical nonequilibrium, while also accounting for uncertainties related to operating conditions and numerical models. The project concerned the development of multifidelity methodologies for robust design and aerodynamic optimization of hypersonic vehicles. 

Particular attention was devoted to modeling thermochemical processes in neutral air and in the presence of ablated species using both state-to-state models and multi-internal-temperature models derived in a self-consistent manner from the state-to-state approach.

Purpose
The project aimed to develop numerical tools and robust design methodologies for hypersonic vehicles, capable of integrating models and data with different levels of accuracy and computational cost. The objective was to improve the predictive capability of simulations by including a more accurate description of thermochemical processes for neutral air in the presence of ablated species. 

A central objective was the reduction of the computational cost of the vibrationally resolved state-to-state approach through the implementation of a multi-internal-temperature approach, in which vibrational levels are grouped into sets characterized by Boltzmann distributions at different temperatures. 

Expected results
The expected results concerned the definition of a multifidelity approach to reduce the computational cost of design and optimization procedures while maintaining high accuracy in predicting aerodynamic performance. 

In particular, improvements were expected in state-to-state chemical kinetics models for neutral air in the presence of ablated species, as well as the development of multi-temperature internal models to reduce computational cost within a multifidelity framework. 

Achieved results 
The project made it possible to develop and consolidate numerical methodologies for the robust design of hypersonic vehicles, based on the integration of multifidelity models and uncertainty quantification techniques. In particular, procedures useful for the robust aerodynamic optimization of vehicles traveling at hypersonic speeds were defined. State-to-state models for the description of thermochemical phenomena in neutral air in the presence of ablated species were improved, and a multi-temperature internal model was derived to reduce computational cost. Overall, the activities carried out contributed to the development of more efficient and predictive tools for the design of hypersonic vehicles, with potential impacts on reducing launch costs and improving access to space. 

PRIN 2022 CALL. DECREE NO. 104 OF 2 FEBRUARY 2022

PROJECT TITLE: Prescriptive digital twins for cognitive-enriched competency development of workforce of the future in smart factories (RESILIENCE) 

CUP CODE: D53D23003710006
Budget: € 67.774
MUR contribution allocated to the research unit: 47.338 Euro 
University/Institution co-funding allocated to the research unit 20.436 Euro 
Total cost: 67.774 Euro

U.R. Coordinator (Poliba)Giorgio Mossa 

Other Research Units:

• University of Calabria
• University of Salerno
• University of Brescia 

Brief project description
The RESILIENCE project addresses the need to innovate workforce training processes in advanced manufacturing contexts, characterized by high complexity and an increasing presence of non-routine activities. The project proposes a new paradigm based on prescriptive digital twins, integrating technologies such as digital twin, prescriptive analytics, Building Information Modelling (BIM), and structured On-the-Job Training (OJT) strategies. This approach makes it possible to generate contextualized digital training environments and to activate “on-demand” training, delivered only when needed and adapted to specific operational conditions. 
The research unit of the Polytechnic University of Bari contributes through the cognitive modeling of tasks and human performance, integrating factors such as cognitive load, task complexity, and individual characteristics into training and decision-making processes. 

Purpose
The main objective of the project is the development of an integrated prescriptive training system for improving workforce skills in smart factories. In particular, the project aims to:
•    develop prescriptive analytics models for activity recommendation;
•    generate digital training environments through BIM and digital twin;
•    define learning models based on cognitive factors;
•    model task complexity and human performance;
•    promote technology transfer and innovation in Industry 4.0 contexts.

Expected results
The project envisages the development of:
•    a prototype training system based on prescriptive digital twins;
•    improved worker skills, safety, and adaptability;
•    reduced training times and increased skills retention;
•    decision-support tools for activity and training planning;
•    scientific advances in the fields of digital twins, artificial intelligence, and human-centric systems.

Achieved results 
The research unit of the Polytechnic University of Bari developed a human-centric approach for modeling human performance and training strategies in advanced industrial contexts. In particular, the following results were achieved:
•    development of analytical frameworks linking task complexity, cognitive load, and human performance;
•    systematic analyses of methods for measuring cognitive load and technologies supporting the operator;
•    definition of models for learning and skill decay (learning/forgetting);
•    experimental validation of training strategies under realistic industrial conditions;
•    evidence supporting personalized and adaptive training approaches, based on the individual characteristics of workers.
Overall, the results contribute to defining a prescriptive training paradigm in which operational and training decisions take into account both the needs of the production system and the cognitive abilities and conditions of workers. 
 

PRIN 2022 CALL. DECREE NO. 104 OF 2 FEBRUARY 2022

PROJECT TITLE: Mathematical Modelling of Heterogeneous Systems 

CUP CODE D53D23005900006

Budget: € 85.441 (of which MUR funding € 55478)

Person in Charge U.R. Giuseppe Florio

Other Research Units or any Sub-Units

R.U. University of Rome “Sapienza” (PI: E.N.M. Cirillo)

R.U. University of Florence (RU: L. Fusi)

Brief project description
The project “Mathematical Modelling of Heterogeneous Systems” (MMHS) is aimed at developing a rigorous and predictive mathematical description of complex systems characterized by structural and multiscale heterogeneity. Such systems, which include composite materials, biological tissues, complex fluids, and granular systems, exhibit emergent macroscopic properties that cannot be inferred from classical homogeneous models. The project seeks to bridge this gap through an integrated approach combining homogenization theory, partial differential equations, statistical mechanics, and asymptotic analysis.

The scientific activity was organized from a multiscale perspective, with the aim of connecting microscopic or mesoscopic models with effective macroscopic laws. In this context, particular attention was devoted to the study of transport and diffusion mechanisms in heterogeneous media, phase transitions in multistable systems, and the modeling of complex materials with nonlinear behavior. The project also developed through collaboration among research units with complementary expertise, ensuring integration between theoretical and numerical approaches supported by experimental activities.

Purpose
The main objective of the project is the construction of mathematical models capable of describing emergent phenomena in heterogeneous systems, with particular reference to the relationship between microscopic structure and macroscopic behavior. In particular, the project aims to derive effective transport and diffusion laws, to understand the mechanisms of metastability and nucleation, and to develop predictive models for complex materials and non-Newtonian fluids. A further goal is the integration of approaches from statistical mechanics, mathematical analysis, and continuum mechanics, in order to build a coherent theoretical framework applicable to different scientific contexts.

Expected results
The expected results included the development of multiscale mathematical models, the rigorous derivation of macroscopic laws from microscopic models, and the characterization of complex phenomena such as anomalous diffusion, phase transitions, and instabilities in heterogeneous systems. The production of high-level scientific results was also envisaged, documented through publications in international journals and participation in conferences, as well as the strengthening of collaboration among the research units involved.

Achieved results 
The activities carried out led to the achievement of scientifically significant results consistent with the project’s initial objectives. In particular, a rigorous theory of transport and diffusion processes in heterogeneous media was developed, making it possible to derive effective macroscopic equations from complex microscopic structures. It was shown how different mechanisms of microscopic disorder can generate different macroscopic behaviors, also clarifying the role of interface conditions in composite materials.

In the field of multi-stable systems and phase transitions, significant results have been obtained in the study of metastability and nucleation mechanisms in stochastic lattice models. The analysis highlighted the link between microscopic dynamics and macroscopic behavior, providing a detailed description of transitions between metastable and stable states. These results contribute to a deeper understanding of transition phenomena in heterogeneous systems.

Further advances have been achieved in the modeling and analysis of materials with complex internal structure. In parallel, thermal and entropic effects in heterogeneous materials have been studied, showing how microscopic fluctuations and disorder can significantly alter macroscopic properties, for example in the case of smearing in phase transitions.

In the field of fluid mechanics, non-Newtonian and viscoplastic flows in complex geometries have been analyzed through analytical and numerical approaches. Results have been obtained on stability and the onset of instabilities in stratified suspensions and advanced rheological models, improving the predictive capability of models for complex fluids. 

Overall, the project has produced an organic body of results that integrates rigorous mathematical analysis, stochastic modeling, and continuum mechanics, establishing a solid theoretical basis for the description of heterogeneous systems across different scales. These results have been validated and disseminated through a large number of scientific publications in high-impact international journals.

These results were also disseminated through a website available at the page https://www.sbai.uniroma1.it/progetti/mmhs/index.php

PRIN 2022 CALL. DECREE NO. 104 OF 2 FEBRUARY 2022

PROJECT TITLE: Equality and Resilience of Agroecosystems through Smart water Management and USe (ERASMUS)

CUP CODE B53D23006510006

Budget: € 92.600

P.I. or U.R. Manager: P.I. Prof. Alessandro Pagano – Polytechnic University of Bari

Other Research Units or any Sub-Units: Politecnico di Milano (POLIMI), Università degli Studi del Sannio (UNISANNIO), CNR-IRSA (involved in the initial phase of the project, before the PI's transfer to POLIBA)

Brief project description
The ERASMUS project is focused on analyzing the resilience of irrigated agroecosystems and on subsequently identifying possible strategies to ensure their improvement. The project analyzed the strong interdependencies among water, energy, agricultural production, environmental conditions, and management practices typical of such systems, focusing primarily on the efficient and sustainable management of water resources. To this end, the ERASMUS project proposed the integration of System Dynamics Modelling approaches, multidimensional indicators, hydraulic/numerical modeling, and participatory modeling, applying them to two case studies represented by two irrigation consortia located in Southern Italy. 

Purpose
The project’s main objective was to make the concept of resilience operational in irrigated agroecosystems, translating it into tools and methods to support adaptive and sustainable water-resource management, even in a context of increasing scarcity. More specifically, ERASMUS aimed to: i) improve understanding of the dynamics that characterize irrigated agroecosystems; ii) identify and develop a set of indicators for assessing resilience, capable of covering its multiple dimensions and the various sectors of interest; iii) analyse and evaluate (including comparatively) innovative technologies for modernizing irrigation systems, with particular attention to the use of smart valves and the retrofitting of existing networks; iv) test technical and management solutions in real-world case studies, encouraging stakeholder involvement and knowledge exchange, also to support the replicability of the project’s results.

Expected results
The main expected results were:

• the development of a conceptual model for analyzing the resilience of irrigated agroecosystems through the use of System Dynamics Modelling tools;
• the identification of a multidimensional set of indicators capable of covering primarily the hydraulic dimension of the efficiency of irrigation network operation, combining it with the agricultural, environmental, energy, and socio-economic dimensions;
• the review and comparative assessment of innovative technological solutions for the management of irrigation systems, including smart and off-grid technologies;
• the testing of possible technical and management solutions aimed at improving the resilience of irrigation systems, through hydraulic and numerical modeling;
• the activation of Communities of Innovation in two pilot sites and the definition of methodological elements useful for replicability and decision support.

Achieved results 
within the project, a Causal Loop Diagram was developed and analyzed, useful for identifying feedbacks, critical issues, and leverage points that influence the resilience of irrigated agroecosystems. A framework of indicators was also defined for assessing the resilience of irrigation systems from a Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystem Nexus. A national survey addressed to land reclamation consortia provided an updated overview of the state of irrigation infrastructure, innovation needs, and the main barriers to innovation. With specific reference to two case studies, the use of hydraulic and numerical modelling supported the identification of cost-effective retrofitting strategies and the testing of innovative technologies such as OASIS and GreenValve. The project also demonstrated the energy sustainability and management potential of these devices and activated two Communities of Innovation, which fostered stakeholder engagement, validation of results, and discussion of possible future developments, also at international level

The ERASMUS project focused on analysing the resilience of irrigated agroecosystems and identifying strategies to improve it, with particular attention to the efficient and sustainable management of water resources in contexts of increasing scarcity. The project addressed irrigation systems as complex socio-ecological systems, characterised by strong interdependencies among water, energy, agricultural production, environmental conditions and management practices. It integrated conceptual approaches, indicator reviews, hydraulic and numerical modelling, and participatory modelling, applying them to two case studies in southern Italy involving two irrigation consortia. Its main objective was to operationalise the concept of resilience in irrigated agroecosystems by developing tools and methods to support adaptive and sustainable water-resource management. Key expected outcomes included developing a conceptual model using System Dynamics Modelling; identifying a multidimensional set of indicators; reviewing and comparatively assessing innovative technologies; testing technical and management solutions in real-world case studies; and establishing Communities of Innovation. The results confirm that these objectives were achieved: a Causal Loop Diagram was developed and analysed to identify feedback loops, critical issues and potential intervention points (leverage points); an indicator framework was defined from a Water-Energy-Food-Ecosystem Nexus perspective; a national survey provided an up-to-date overview of the state of irrigation infrastructure and innovation needs; and, finally, hydraulic and numerical modelling supported the identification of cost-effective retrofitting strategies and the testing of innovative technologies such as OASIS and GreenValve, demonstrating their potential to support irrigation system management. A distinguishing feature of the project was stakeholder engagement, also aimed at transferring the results to other contexts and promoting wider dissemination of models and technologies.

PRIN 2022 CALL. DECREE NO. 104 OF 2 FEBRUARY 2022

PROJECT TITLE: Reloading city: a new systemic approach to the regeneration of the city and the territory

CUP CODE D53D23011000006

Budget: € 38.300

U.R. Coordinator: Bisciglia Sergio

Other Research Units or any Sub-Units:

• University of Perugia (Prof. Annalisa Giusti-P.I.)

• University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”

• University of L’Aquila

• University of Sassari

Brief project description
The research topic is urban regeneration, as a development strategy for the country and as a tool for recovery from the post-pandemic crisis. The reason—and at the same time the objective—of the research is to build pathways capable of (re)orienting the approach to urban regeneration, overcoming the sectoral dimension and proposing an investigation that is not only multidisciplinary but also multi-scalar.

Purpose
The research draws on three aspects: 1. restoring the central role of the public sector in governing regeneration processes, as an entity capable of fostering projects and guiding private-sector initiatives; 2. rethinking regeneration starting from the public city, understood both as a space and as a residential environment; 3. recovering the systemic nature of urban planning, moving beyond the dichotomy between city centres and peripheries, along with the sector-specific and largely ineffective technical, legal and regulatory tools associated with it.

The Bari Unit interpreted the themes addressed by the other research units—the theme of housing and the role of integration and social inclusion of public spaces and facilities—based mainly on the analysis of regulatory instruments and their translation into specific actions, appropriately reclassified. Although considering the Bari case study, the main field of investigation was its metropolitan area.

Expected results
Reconstituting an integrated dimension of regeneration, which does not translate into the homogenization and uniformity of instruments and which renounces a dichotomous reading between “local development” and “urban regeneration”, in favour of new parameters more suited to the complexity of the critical issues identified. This starting from a mapping of the types of regeneration and their differentiated distribution within the metropolitan area.

Achieved results 
The results at the analytical level concerned the definition of the fields of production and implementation of regeneration policies and actions, also according to the territory’s governance levels. With respect to the initial framework assumed and proposed in the research project, it emerged a) on the one hand, an expansion of the aforementioned fields of production and implementation, including not only urban regeneration policies, characterized by greater application rigidity, but also municipal actions attributable to welfare, cultural and youth policies, considered more effective in terms of consensus and immediate implementation and b) on the other hand, a repositioning of the institutional and social actors involved in these fields, marked by a downsizing of the role of economic stakeholders compared with initial expectations and by a greater centrality of public actors, in particular the Region and Municipalities, thus orienting the research towards a critical analysis of intersectoral dynamics and the implementation mechanisms of urban regeneration, often rigidified into models and practices uncritically borrowed from other contexts.
 

PRIN 2022 CALL. DECREE NO. 104 OF 2 FEBRUARY 2022

PROJECT TITLE: INnovative damage MOnitoring Of Self-HEAling Composites by acoustic emissions in civil and aerospace Applications – IN MOOSHEAC

CUP CODE:  D53D23003600006

Budget:  € 137.865

P.I.  BARILE Claudia

Other Research Units Polytechnic University of Turin

Brief project description
The project aimed to study and test the repairability, the recovery of mechanical performance, and the structural stability of self-healing (SH) composites. The experimental campaign included both destructive and non-destructive tests on specimens and subcomponents made of purpose-designed SH composite materials, differentiated by resin content, fibre architecture, and stacking configurations. The destructive tests were intended to comprehensively assess the recovery of mechanical properties by the SH composite system following surface, subsurface, and interlaminar failures. 

The non-destructive tests, on the other hand, were carried out for two main reasons: to monitor in situ the progression of damage in the SH composite system using acoustic emission (AE), digital image correlation (DIC), and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS); and to analyze the repair process and the recovery of mechanical integrity by conducting active-mode AE tests on both laboratory-scale specimens and large-scale components. 

Purpose
The design objective was to identify a structured approach based on the combination of multiple experimental techniques for the mechanical analysis of composite materials, capable of accurately and precisely describing both the mechanical behaviour of the material and the initiation, propagation, and repair of defects and failures during service. 

This methodology also made it possible to identify an optimal SH composite configuration capable of extending the service life of structural materials, with clear sustainability benefits, given the environmental impact of plastic matrices..

Expected results
The destructive testing campaign, based on recognised standards, aimed to quantify the level of repair and recovery of the mechanical properties of these composites through the activation of the self-healing process.

To support this investigation, analytical approaches for processing parametric data and AE waveform data based on Machine Learning (ML) were used, with the aim of automating the process of describing the mechanical behaviour and the extent and type of material failure..

Achieved results 
An innovative damage monitoring system was developed using an AE technique based on waveform-related parameters and supported by machine learning. 

In the context of aerospace applications, the AE-based damage monitoring system was also tested on specimens exposed to different levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The results of these experimental investigations showed that these SH composites can potentially be used in structural applications thanks to their good self-healing capability, thereby increasing their service life.